LeetCode #3091 — MEDIUM

Apply Operations to Make Sum of Array Greater Than or Equal to k

Move from brute-force thinking to an efficient approach using math strategy.

Solve on LeetCode
The Problem

Problem Statement

You are given a positive integer k. Initially, you have an array nums = [1].

You can perform any of the following operations on the array any number of times (possibly zero):

  • Choose any element in the array and increase its value by 1.
  • Duplicate any element in the array and add it to the end of the array.

Return the minimum number of operations required to make the sum of elements of the final array greater than or equal to k.

Example 1:

Input: k = 11

Output: 5

Explanation:

We can do the following operations on the array nums = [1]:

  • Increase the element by 1 three times. The resulting array is nums = [4].
  • Duplicate the element two times. The resulting array is nums = [4,4,4].

The sum of the final array is 4 + 4 + 4 = 12 which is greater than or equal to k = 11.
The total number of operations performed is 3 + 2 = 5.

Example 2:

Input: k = 1

Output: 0

Explanation:

The sum of the original array is already greater than or equal to 1, so no operations are needed.

Constraints:

  • 1 <= k <= 105
Patterns Used

Roadmap

  1. Brute Force Baseline
  2. Core Insight
  3. Algorithm Walkthrough
  4. Edge Cases
  5. Full Annotated Code
  6. Interactive Study Demo
  7. Complexity Analysis
Step 01

Brute Force Baseline

Problem summary: You are given a positive integer k. Initially, you have an array nums = [1]. You can perform any of the following operations on the array any number of times (possibly zero): Choose any element in the array and increase its value by 1. Duplicate any element in the array and add it to the end of the array. Return the minimum number of operations required to make the sum of elements of the final array greater than or equal to k.

Baseline thinking

Start with the most direct exhaustive search. That gives a correctness anchor before optimizing.

Pattern signal: Math · Greedy

Example 1

11

Example 2

1
Step 02

Core Insight

What unlocks the optimal approach

  • It is optimal to make all the increase operations first and all the duplicate operations last.
  • Iterate over all possible number of increase operations that can be done and find the corresponding number of duplicate operations.
Interview move: turn each hint into an invariant you can check after every iteration/recursion step.
Step 03

Algorithm Walkthrough

Iteration Checklist

  1. Define state (indices, window, stack, map, DP cell, or recursion frame).
  2. Apply one transition step and update the invariant.
  3. Record answer candidate when condition is met.
  4. Continue until all input is consumed.
Use the first example testcase as your mental trace to verify each transition.
Step 04

Edge Cases

Minimum Input
Single element / shortest valid input
Validate boundary behavior before entering the main loop or recursion.
Duplicates & Repeats
Repeated values / repeated states
Decide whether duplicates should be merged, skipped, or counted explicitly.
Extreme Constraints
Upper-end input sizes
Re-check complexity target against constraints to avoid time-limit issues.
Invalid / Corner Shape
Empty collections, zeros, or disconnected structures
Handle special-case structure before the core algorithm path.
Step 05

Full Annotated Code

Source-backed implementations are provided below for direct study and interview prep.

// Accepted solution for LeetCode #3091: Apply Operations to Make Sum of Array Greater Than or Equal to k
class Solution {
    public int minOperations(int k) {
        int ans = k;
        for (int a = 0; a < k; ++a) {
            int x = a + 1;
            int b = (k + x - 1) / x - 1;
            ans = Math.min(ans, a + b);
        }
        return ans;
    }
}
Step 06

Interactive Study Demo

Use this to step through a reusable interview workflow for this problem.

Press Step or Run All to begin.
Step 07

Complexity Analysis

Time
O(n log n)
Space
O(1)

Approach Breakdown

EXHAUSTIVE
O(2ⁿ) time
O(n) space

Try every possible combination of choices. With n items each having two states (include/exclude), the search space is 2ⁿ. Evaluating each combination takes O(n), giving O(n × 2ⁿ). The recursion stack or subset storage uses O(n) space.

GREEDY
O(n log n) time
O(1) space

Greedy algorithms typically sort the input (O(n log n)) then make a single pass (O(n)). The sort dominates. If the input is already sorted or the greedy choice can be computed without sorting, time drops to O(n). Proving greedy correctness (exchange argument) is harder than the implementation.

Shortcut: Sort + single pass → O(n log n). If no sort needed → O(n). The hard part is proving it works.
Coach Notes

Common Mistakes

Review these before coding to avoid predictable interview regressions.

Overflow in intermediate arithmetic

Wrong move: Temporary multiplications exceed integer bounds.

Usually fails on: Large inputs wrap around unexpectedly.

Fix: Use wider types, modular arithmetic, or rearranged operations.

Using greedy without proof

Wrong move: Locally optimal choices may fail globally.

Usually fails on: Counterexamples appear on crafted input orderings.

Fix: Verify with exchange argument or monotonic objective before committing.