LeetCode #3021 — MEDIUM

Alice and Bob Playing Flower Game

Move from brute-force thinking to an efficient approach using math strategy.

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The Problem

Problem Statement

Alice and Bob are playing a turn-based game on a field, with two lanes of flowers between them. There are x flowers in the first lane between Alice and Bob, and y flowers in the second lane between them.

The game proceeds as follows:

  1. Alice takes the first turn.
  2. In each turn, a player must choose either one of the lane and pick one flower from that side.
  3. At the end of the turn, if there are no flowers left at all in either lane, the current player captures their opponent and wins the game.

Given two integers, n and m, the task is to compute the number of possible pairs (x, y) that satisfy the conditions:

  • Alice must win the game according to the described rules.
  • The number of flowers x in the first lane must be in the range [1,n].
  • The number of flowers y in the second lane must be in the range [1,m].

Return the number of possible pairs (x, y) that satisfy the conditions mentioned in the statement.

Example 1:

Input: n = 3, m = 2
Output: 3
Explanation: The following pairs satisfy conditions described in the statement: (1,2), (3,2), (2,1).

Example 2:

Input: n = 1, m = 1
Output: 0
Explanation: No pairs satisfy the conditions described in the statement.

Constraints:

  • 1 <= n, m <= 105

Roadmap

  1. Brute Force Baseline
  2. Core Insight
  3. Algorithm Walkthrough
  4. Edge Cases
  5. Full Annotated Code
  6. Interactive Study Demo
  7. Complexity Analysis
Step 01

Brute Force Baseline

Problem summary: Alice and Bob are playing a turn-based game on a field, with two lanes of flowers between them. There are x flowers in the first lane between Alice and Bob, and y flowers in the second lane between them. The game proceeds as follows: Alice takes the first turn. In each turn, a player must choose either one of the lane and pick one flower from that side. At the end of the turn, if there are no flowers left at all in either lane, the current player captures their opponent and wins the game. Given two integers, n and m, the task is to compute the number of possible pairs (x, y) that satisfy the conditions: Alice must win the game according to the described rules. The number of flowers x in the first lane must be in the range [1,n]. The number of flowers y in the second lane must be in the range [1,m]. Return the number of possible pairs (x, y) that satisfy the conditions mentioned in the

Baseline thinking

Start with the most direct exhaustive search. That gives a correctness anchor before optimizing.

Pattern signal: Math

Example 1

3
2

Example 2

1
1
Step 02

Core Insight

What unlocks the optimal approach

  • (x, y) is valid if and only if they have different parities.
Interview move: turn each hint into an invariant you can check after every iteration/recursion step.
Step 03

Algorithm Walkthrough

Iteration Checklist

  1. Define state (indices, window, stack, map, DP cell, or recursion frame).
  2. Apply one transition step and update the invariant.
  3. Record answer candidate when condition is met.
  4. Continue until all input is consumed.
Use the first example testcase as your mental trace to verify each transition.
Step 04

Edge Cases

Minimum Input
Single element / shortest valid input
Validate boundary behavior before entering the main loop or recursion.
Duplicates & Repeats
Repeated values / repeated states
Decide whether duplicates should be merged, skipped, or counted explicitly.
Extreme Constraints
Upper-end input sizes
Re-check complexity target against constraints to avoid time-limit issues.
Invalid / Corner Shape
Empty collections, zeros, or disconnected structures
Handle special-case structure before the core algorithm path.
Step 05

Full Annotated Code

Source-backed implementations are provided below for direct study and interview prep.

// Accepted solution for LeetCode #3021: Alice and Bob Playing Flower Game
class Solution {
    public long flowerGame(int n, int m) {
        long a1 = (n + 1) / 2;
        long b1 = (m + 1) / 2;
        long a2 = n / 2;
        long b2 = m / 2;
        return a1 * b2 + a2 * b1;
    }
}
Step 06

Interactive Study Demo

Use this to step through a reusable interview workflow for this problem.

Press Step or Run All to begin.
Step 07

Complexity Analysis

Time
O(1)
Space
O(1)

Approach Breakdown

ITERATIVE
O(n) time
O(1) space

Simulate the process step by step — multiply n times, check each number up to n, or iterate through all possibilities. Each step is O(1), but doing it n times gives O(n). No extra space needed since we just track running state.

MATH INSIGHT
O(log n) time
O(1) space

Math problems often have a closed-form or O(log n) solution hidden behind an O(n) simulation. Modular arithmetic, fast exponentiation (repeated squaring), GCD (Euclidean algorithm), and number theory properties can dramatically reduce complexity.

Shortcut: Look for mathematical properties that eliminate iteration. Repeated squaring → O(log n). Modular arithmetic avoids overflow.
Coach Notes

Common Mistakes

Review these before coding to avoid predictable interview regressions.

Overflow in intermediate arithmetic

Wrong move: Temporary multiplications exceed integer bounds.

Usually fails on: Large inputs wrap around unexpectedly.

Fix: Use wider types, modular arithmetic, or rearranged operations.