LeetCode #198 — MEDIUM

House Robber

Move from brute-force thinking to an efficient approach using array strategy.

The Problem

Problem Statement

You are a professional robber planning to rob houses along a street. Each house has a certain amount of money stashed, the only constraint stopping you from robbing each of them is that adjacent houses have security systems connected and it will automatically contact the police if two adjacent houses were broken into on the same night.

Given an integer array nums representing the amount of money of each house, return the maximum amount of money you can rob tonight without alerting the police.

Example 1:

Input: nums = [1,2,3,1]
Output: 4
Explanation: Rob house 1 (money = 1) and then rob house 3 (money = 3).
Total amount you can rob = 1 + 3 = 4.

Example 2:

Input: nums = [2,7,9,3,1]
Output: 12
Explanation: Rob house 1 (money = 2), rob house 3 (money = 9) and rob house 5 (money = 1).
Total amount you can rob = 2 + 9 + 1 = 12.

Constraints:

1 <= nums.length <= 100
0 <= nums[i] <= 400

Step 01

Brute Force Baseline

Problem summary: You are a professional robber planning to rob houses along a street. Each house has a certain amount of money stashed, the only constraint stopping you from robbing each of them is that adjacent houses have security systems connected and it will automatically contact the police if two adjacent houses were broken into on the same night. Given an integer array nums representing the amount of money of each house, return the maximum amount of money you can rob tonight without alerting the police.

Baseline thinking

Start with the most direct exhaustive search. That gives a correctness anchor before optimizing.

Pattern signal: Array · Dynamic Programming

Example 1

[1,2,3,1]

Example 2

[2,7,9,3,1]

Core Insight

What unlocks the optimal approach

No official hints in dataset. Start from constraints and look for a monotonic or reusable state.

Interview move: turn each hint into an invariant you can check after every iteration/recursion step.

Step 03

Algorithm Walkthrough

Iteration Checklist

Define state (indices, window, stack, map, DP cell, or recursion frame).
Apply one transition step and update the invariant.
Record answer candidate when condition is met.
Continue until all input is consumed.

Use the first example testcase as your mental trace to verify each transition.

Step 04

Edge Cases

Minimum Input

Single element / shortest valid input

Validate boundary behavior before entering the main loop or recursion.

Duplicates & Repeats

Repeated values / repeated states

Decide whether duplicates should be merged, skipped, or counted explicitly.

Extreme Constraints

Upper-end input sizes

Re-check complexity target against constraints to avoid time-limit issues.

Invalid / Corner Shape

Empty collections, zeros, or disconnected structures

Handle special-case structure before the core algorithm path.

Step 05

Full Annotated Code

Source-backed implementations are provided below for direct study and interview prep.

// Accepted solution for LeetCode #198: House Robber
class Solution {
    private Integer[] f;
    private int[] nums;

    public int rob(int[] nums) {
        this.nums = nums;
        f = new Integer[nums.length];
        return dfs(0);
    }

    private int dfs(int i) {
        if (i >= nums.length) {
            return 0;
        }
        if (f[i] == null) {
            f[i] = Math.max(nums[i] + dfs(i + 2), dfs(i + 1));
        }
        return f[i];
    }
}

// Accepted solution for LeetCode #198: House Robber
func rob(nums []int) int {
	n := len(nums)
	f := make([]int, n)
	for i := range f {
		f[i] = -1
	}
	var dfs func(int) int
	dfs = func(i int) int {
		if i >= n {
			return 0
		}
		if f[i] < 0 {
			f[i] = max(nums[i]+dfs(i+2), dfs(i+1))
		}
		return f[i]
	}
	return dfs(0)
}

# Accepted solution for LeetCode #198: House Robber
class Solution:
    def rob(self, nums: List[int]) -> int:
        @cache
        def dfs(i: int) -> int:
            if i >= len(nums):
                return 0
            return max(nums[i] + dfs(i + 2), dfs(i + 1))

        return dfs(0)

// Accepted solution for LeetCode #198: House Robber
impl Solution {
    pub fn rob(nums: Vec<i32>) -> i32 {
        fn dfs(i: usize, nums: &Vec<i32>, f: &mut Vec<i32>) -> i32 {
            if i >= nums.len() {
                return 0;
            }
            if f[i] < 0 {
                f[i] = (nums[i] + dfs(i + 2, nums, f)).max(dfs(i + 1, nums, f));
            }
            f[i]
        }

        let n = nums.len();
        let mut f = vec![-1; n];
        dfs(0, &nums, &mut f)
    }
}

// Accepted solution for LeetCode #198: House Robber
function rob(nums: number[]): number {
    const n = nums.length;
    const f: number[] = Array(n).fill(-1);
    const dfs = (i: number): number => {
        if (i >= n) {
            return 0;
        }
        if (f[i] < 0) {
            f[i] = Math.max(nums[i] + dfs(i + 2), dfs(i + 1));
        }
        return f[i];
    };
    return dfs(0);
}

Step 06

Interactive Study Demo

Use this to step through a reusable interview workflow for this problem.

Custom checkpoints (one per line)

Press Step or Run All to begin.

Step 07

Complexity Analysis

Time

O(n)

Space

O(n)

Approach Breakdown

RECURSIVE

O(2ⁿ) time

O(n) space

Pure recursion explores every possible choice at each step. With two choices per state (take or skip), the decision tree has 2ⁿ leaves. The recursion stack uses O(n) space. Many subproblems are recomputed exponentially many times.

DYNAMIC PROGRAMMING

O(n × m) time

O(n × m) space

Each cell in the DP table is computed exactly once from previously solved subproblems. The table dimensions determine both time and space. Look for the state variables — each unique combination of state values is one cell. Often a rolling array can reduce space by one dimension.

Shortcut: Count your DP state dimensions → that’s your time. Can you drop one? That’s your space optimization.

Coach Notes

Common Mistakes

Review these before coding to avoid predictable interview regressions.

Off-by-one on range boundaries

Wrong move: Loop endpoints miss first/last candidate.

Usually fails on: Fails on minimal arrays and exact-boundary answers.

Fix: Re-derive loops from inclusive/exclusive ranges before coding.

State misses one required dimension

Wrong move: An incomplete state merges distinct subproblems and caches incorrect answers.

Usually fails on: Correctness breaks on cases that differ only in hidden state.

Fix: Define state so each unique subproblem maps to one DP cell.